An abortion is a procedure where a woman chooses to end her pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy is a significant concern that affects thousands of people each year. More than half of the 6 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unplanned. According to a study published in Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, about 50% of the women faced with these unplanned pregnancies were actually using contraception during the month that they conceived.
In 1973, the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade ruled that women have the right to an abortion during the first 6 months (2 trimesters) of pregnancy, thereby legalizing abortion. The court asserted that abortion is a fundamental right under the U.S. Constitution and prohibiting abortion would violate the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment (which protects against state actions to deny the right to privacy, including a woman's qualified right to terminate her pregnancy).
The court determined that a non-viable fetus (one that cannot survive outside the womb) is not a person according to the terms set forth in section one of the Fourteenth Amendment, so due process rights do not apply to the unborn. Since this landmark court decision, numerous federal and state laws have been proposed or passed. Abortion is one of the most controversial and legally active areas in the field of medicine.
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